THREE MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

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🫀 THREE MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

(New Zealand Curriculum – Study Material) Name of the Student : SARAH

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1️⃣ HEART – The Pump of the System

Function:
The heart is a muscular organ that works as a pump to circulate blood throughout the body. It keeps blood moving continuously, supplying oxygen and nutrients and removing waste.

Key Facts:

• Has four chambers – right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

• Left side pumps oxygenated blood to the body

• Right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

• Beats about 70–75 times per minute on average

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2️⃣ BLOOD VESSELS – The Pathways

Function:
Blood vessels are the network of tubes that carry blood to and from the heart and throughout the body.

Types of Blood Vessels:

Vessel Type	Function
Arteries	Carry blood away from the heart (usually oxygen-rich)
Veins	Carry blood toward the heart (usually oxygen-poor)
Capillaries	Very thin vessels where exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste takes place between blood and cells

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3️⃣ BLOOD – The Transport Fluid

Function:
Blood is the fluid that carries essential substances throughout the body.

Components of Blood:

Component	Function
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)	Carry oxygen using haemoglobin
White Blood Cells (WBCs)	Fight infections (part of immune system)
Platelets	Help in clotting to stop bleeding
Plasma	The liquid part that carries nutrients, hormones, and waste

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✅ Summary Table

Component	Role
Heart	Pumps blood
Blood Vessels	Carry blood throughout the body
Blood	Transports oxygen, nutrients, waste, and fights infection

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ROLE OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

 🫀 ROLE OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

(Grade 10 – New Zealand Curriculum Study Notes)  Name of the Student : SARAH

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🌐 What is the Circulatory System?

The circulatory system is the transport system of the human body. It is responsible for moving blood, nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hormones to and from the cells.

It is made up of three main parts:

1. Heart

2. Blood Vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)

3. Blood

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💡 Key Functions of the Circulatory System

Function	Description
Transporting Oxygen	Delivers oxygen from the lungs to all body cells through red blood cells.
Transporting Nutrients	Carries nutrients from the digestive system to body cells.
Removing Waste Products	Carries carbon dioxide to the lungs and waste products to the kidneys.
Circulating Hormones	Distributes hormones from glands to organs to control body functions.
Protecting the Body	White blood cells fight infection; platelets help in clotting.
Regulating Body Temperature	Helps maintain constant internal temperature (homeostasis).

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🫀 Role of the Heart

• Acts as a pump that pushes blood around the body.

• Has four chambers: left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle.

• Pumps oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

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🩸 Role of Blood Vessels

Type	Role
Arteries	Carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart.
Veins	Carry oxygen-poor blood towards the heart.
Capillaries	Tiny vessels where gas and nutrient exchange occurs between blood and cells.

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📌 Summary

The circulatory system ensures that every cell in the body gets the oxygen and nutrients it needs and that waste products are removed efficiently. It also plays a protective and regulatory role, keeping the internal environment stable.

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LIST OF ORGANELLES, TISSUES, ORGANS, ORGAN SYSTEMS

Curriculum-friendly list of all organelles, tissues, organs, and organ systems, suitable for Grade 10 New Zealand students:  Name of the Student : SARAH

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🧫 LIST OF ORGANELLES

(Found inside cells, both plant and animal)

Organelle	Function
Nucleus	Controls cell activities; contains DNA
Mitochondria	Produces energy (ATP) through respiration
Ribosomes	Make proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)	Transports substances; two types – Rough (with ribosomes) and Smooth
Golgi Apparatus	Packages and sends proteins
Lysosomes	Break down waste and old cell parts
Vacuole	Stores water, nutrients, and waste (larger in plant cells)
Chloroplasts	Carries out photosynthesis (plant cells only)
Cell Membrane	Controls what enters and leaves the cell
Cytoplasm	Jelly-like fluid where reactions occur
Cell Wall	Provides structure and protection (plant cells only)
Centrioles	Help in cell division (animal cells only)

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🧵 LIST OF TISSUES

In Animals:

Tissue Type	Function
Epithelial Tissue	Covers body surfaces and organs
Muscle Tissue	Contracts to produce movement
Nervous Tissue	Carries signals (nerve impulses)
Connective Tissue	Supports, binds, or separates organs and tissues (includes blood, fat, bone, cartilage)

In Plants:

Tissue Type	Function
Xylem	Transports water from roots to leaves
Phloem	Transports sugars (food) from leaves to rest of the plant
Parenchyma	Stores food and performs photosynthesis
Collenchyma	Provides flexible support
Sclerenchyma	Provides rigid support

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🫁 LIST OF ORGANS

In Humans/Animals:

Organ	Function
Heart	Pumps blood
Lungs	Gas exchange (O₂ in, CO₂ out)
Brain	Controls bodily functions and thinking
Stomach	Breaks down food
Liver	Processes nutrients and detoxifies
Kidneys	Filters blood and makes urine
Skin	Protects the body and regulates temperature
Intestines	Absorbs nutrients and water
Bladder	Stores urine
Pancreas	Produces insulin and digestive enzymes

In Plants:

Organ	Function
Roots	Absorb water and nutrients
Stem	Supports plant and transports substances
Leaves	Photosynthesis
Flowers	Reproduction
Fruit	Protects and helps spread seeds

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🧬 LIST OF ORGAN SYSTEMS (In Humans)

Organ System	Major Organs Involved	Function
Circulatory System	Heart, blood vessels, blood	Transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste
Respiratory System	Lungs, trachea, bronchi	Takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
Digestive System	Mouth, stomach, intestines, liver	Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients
Nervous System	Brain, spinal cord, nerves	Controls body activities and processes information
Muscular System	Muscles (skeletal, smooth, cardiac)	Movement
Skeletal System	Bones, joints	Provides structure and protects organs
Excretory System	Kidneys, bladder, skin	Removes waste from the body
Endocrine System	Glands (pituitary, thyroid, etc.)	Hormone production and regulation
Reproductive System	Testes, ovaries, uterus, penis, vagina	Reproduction
Immune System	White blood cells, lymph nodes	Protects against disease
Integumentary System	Skin, hair, nails	Protects the body and regulates temperature

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LIVING ORGANISM : GRADE 10 (NEW ZEALAND CURRICULUM)

 📘 STUDY MATERIAL FOR GRADE 10 (NEW ZEALAND CURRICULUM)

TOPIC: 🔬 DISTINGUISH BETWEEN ORGANELLE, CELL, TISSUE, ORGAN, ORGAN SYSTEM AND ORGANISM

 Name of the Student : SARAH

🧫 ORGANELLE

Definition:
Organelles are tiny specialised structures found inside cells that carry out specific functions necessary for the cell to survive and function.

Examples:

• Nucleus – controls the cell's activities

• Mitochondria – produces energy

• Ribosomes – make proteins

• Chloroplasts (in plant cells) – carry out photosynthesis

Key Point: Organelles are like the organs inside a single cell.

🔬 CELL

Definition:
The basic structural and functional unit of life. All living things are made up of cells.

Types:

• Prokaryotic Cells – simple cells without a nucleus (e.g., bacteria)

• Eukaryotic Cells – complex cells with a nucleus (e.g., plant and animal cells)

Key Point: A cell contains organelles and is the smallest unit of life.

🧵 TISSUE

Definition:
A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.

Examples:

• Muscle tissue – contracts to produce movement

• Nervous tissue – carries messages around the body

• Xylem tissue (in plants) – transports water

Key Point: Tissues are made of cells with a common function.

🫀 ORGAN

Definition:
A structure made up of different types of tissues that work together to perform a specific function.

Examples:

• Heart – pumps blood

• Lungs – help in breathing

• Leaf (in plants) – performs photosynthesis

Key Point: Organs are made up of tissues, and each organ has a special job in the body or plant.

🧬 ORGAN SYSTEM

Definition:
A group of organs that work together to perform a major life function.

Examples:

• Digestive system – breaks down food

• Respiratory system – helps in breathing

• Circulatory system – transports nutrients and oxygen

Key Point: Organ systems are teams of organs working for a larger function.

🧍 ORGANISM

Definition:
A complete living thing that can carry out all life processes on its own.

Examples:

• Human, Bird, Tree, Bacteria

Key Point: An organism may be made up of one cell (unicellular) or many cells (multicellular).

🧠 SUMMARY TABLE

Level	Made of...	Example
Organelle	Inside the cell	Mitochondria, Nucleus
Cell	Organelles	Muscle cell, Leaf cell
Tissue	Similar cells	Muscle tissue, Xylem
Organ	Different tissues	Heart, Leaf
Organ System	Organs	Respiratory system
Organism	Organ systems (or single cell)	Human, Tree, Amoeba

✅ REMEMBER:
Smallest to Largest → Organelle → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism

AC Generator

Note on the AC Generator, written specifically for a Grade 12 Australian Physics student based on the Australian Curriculum (Stage 6 – NSW, or Year 12 Physics Units):

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📘 AC Generator (Alternating Current Generator) – Step-by-Step Notes

✅ 1. What is an AC Generator?

An AC generator (Alternating Current generator) is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy using electromagnetic induction.

📌 Key principle: Based on Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction

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✅ 2. How It Works – Step-by-Step Process

⚙️ Step 1: Setup – The Basic Components

An AC generator typically has:

• A coil (armature): Wire loop(s) that rotate

• Magnetic field (B): Provided by permanent magnets or electromagnets

• Slip rings and brushes: Maintain contact with the rotating coil

• External circuit: Where current flows

🧠 Think of a copper wire coil spinning inside a magnetic field.

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⚡ Step 2: Rotation of the Coil

• The coil is mechanically rotated (e.g., by a turbine or hand crank).

• As the coil spins, the angle between the magnetic field (B) and the coil changes continuously.

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💡 Step 3: Induction of EMF (Faraday’s Law)

As the coil rotates:

• The magnetic flux through the coil changes.

• This changing magnetic flux induces an EMF (voltage) in the coil.

📘 Faraday’s Law:

$$\text{EMF} = -N \frac{d\Phi}{dt}$$

Where:

• $N$ = number of turns

• $\Phi$ = magnetic flux = $B \cdot A \cdot \cos(\theta)$

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🔁 Step 4: Alternating Current (AC) is Produced

• As the coil spins 360°, the direction of the current reverses every half-turn.

• This creates alternating current (AC):

  • Positive in one half of the cycle

  • Negative in the other half

🌀 One complete revolution = one AC cycle (or waveform)

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✅ 3. Waveform of AC

• The voltage generated varies sinusoidally.

• Graph shape: Sine wave

• Key terms:

  • Peak voltage (Vmax): Maximum voltage

  • Frequency (f): Number of cycles per second (Hz)

  • Period (T): Time for one complete cycle $T = \frac{1}{f}$

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✅ 4. Energy Conversion

• Input: Mechanical energy (e.g., from wind, water, or steam)

• Output: Electrical energy (AC)

🔄 Energy transformation:
Mechanical → Electrical (through magnetic field)

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✅ 5. Practical Example

• Power stations use massive AC generators:

  • Hydroelectric

  • Wind turbines

  • Thermal (coal/gas-fired)

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✅ 6. Role of Slip Rings and Brushes

• Slip rings are attached to the rotating coil.

• Brushes press against the slip rings to conduct current to the external circuit.

• Allows continuous rotation without twisting wires.

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✅ 7. Differences from DC Generator

Feature	AC Generator	DC Generator
Current type	Alternating	Direct
Slip rings	Yes	No (uses split-ring commutator)
Output	AC	DC
Applications	Power stations	Batteries, motors

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✅ 8. Applications of AC Generators

• Household electricity supply

• Electric power grids

• Renewable energy systems (wind, hydro)

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✅ 9. Important Formulae

1. Magnetic Flux:

$$\Phi = B \cdot A \cdot \cos(\theta)$$

2. Induced EMF (single loop):

$$\text{EMF} = B \cdot A \cdot \omega \cdot \sin(\omega t)$$

Where:

• $\omega$ = angular velocity = $2\pi f$

3. General EMF (N loops):

$$\text{EMF} = N B A \omega \sin(\omega t)$$

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✅ 10. Summary (At a Glance)

Concept	Description
Device	AC Generator
Converts	Mechanical → Electrical
Law Used	Faraday’s Law
Output	Alternating Current (AC)
Key Parts	Coil, magnets, slip rings, brushes
Output Wave	Sinusoidal (Sine wave)

🎓 Extension (HSC Physics - Depth Study Idea)

• Investigate how increasing the number of turns (N) or magnetic field strength (B) affects the output voltage.

AC Generator Animation