Time Allowed: 3 Hours | Maximum Marks: 80
This question paper is divided into three sections: Section A (20 Marks), Section B (30 Marks), and Section C (30 Marks).
All questions in Section A are compulsory.
Section B contains short-answer questions with internal choices.
Section C contains long-answer/case-based questions requiring analytical reasoning.
Biochemistry
Short Notes for quick revision:
Proteins are among the most important biomolecules present in living organisms. They perform numerous functions such as enzymatic catalysis, transport, defense, hormonal regulation, muscle contraction, and structural support. The biological activity of a protein depends directly upon its three-dimensional structure.
A protein is made up of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds forming long chains called polypeptides. These polypeptide chains fold into specific structures that determine their functions.
The concept of Centroid is one of the most important ideas in Engineering Mechanics, Strength of Materials, Structural Engineering, Machine Design and Fluid Mechanics.
Whenever we deal with beams, plates, laminae, sections, bending stresses, moments of inertia, or stability problems, the centroid becomes fundamental.
In this article, we shall discuss:
One Dimensional (1D) Objects
Two Dimensional (2D) Objects
Concept of Resultant Area
Mathematical Derivation of Centroid
Varignon’s Theorem of Moments
Centroid of Composite Figures
Centroid of Curves and Lines
Symmetry Conditions
Centroid of Common Geometrical Shapes
Negative Areas (Removed Portions)
Centroid by Integration
Applications of Centroid
Relationship Between Centroid and Moment of Inertia
Parallel Axis Theorem
Practical Engineering Examples
Welcome to your comprehensive study material for Chapter 1 of the NCERT Ganita Prakash textbook: Large Numbers Around Us. This guide is designed to help you master the concepts of large numbers, understand how they behave, and develop a strong spatial and logical sense of their scale.
Chemical Bonding
Periodic Classification of Elements
The ICSE Chemistry paper pattern consists of:
Section I: Compulsory short-answer questions covering the entire syllabus
Section II: Structured analytical questions with internal choices
Focus on:
Application-based questions
Assertion-reasoning
Diagram/data interpretation
Logical chemical analysis
Conceptual understanding rather than rote memorization (ICSE Portal)
The word Trigonometry comes from two Greek words:
Trigon → Triangle
Metron → Measurement
So, trigonometry literally means:
“Measurement of triangles.”
Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that studies the relationship between:
Sides of triangles
Angles of triangles
Especially, it deals with right-angled triangles.
In ancient times, people needed methods to:
Measure heights of mountains
Find distances between places
Navigate ships in oceans
Observe stars and planets
Since direct measurement was often impossible, mathematicians developed trigonometry.
The development of trigonometry started thousands of years ago.
Important civilizations contributing to trigonometry:
India
Greece
Babylon
Egypt
Arab civilization
Indian mathematicians made major contributions.
Aryabhata
Brahmagupta
Bhaskara I
Bhaskara II
These mathematicians developed:
Sine tables
Astronomical calculations
Angle measurement systems
Molecules of Life (MD-CHM-2.1)
B.Sc. Zoology – RTU Hojai University
Comprehensive Study Material
Living organisms are made up of a large number of chemical substances that perform various structural, physiological, and biochemical functions necessary for life. These chemical substances are known as biomolecules or molecules of life. Biomolecules are organic compounds produced by living organisms and are essential for growth, metabolism, reproduction, energy production, and maintenance of cellular activities. They form the structural and functional basis of all living cells and tissues.
Entrepreneurship in non-mulberry sericulture refers to the establishment and management of silk-related economic activities involving Eri and Muga silkworms for income generation, employment creation, and industrial development. Non-mulberry sericulture is an important agro-based cottage industry in India, especially in Assam and North-East India, where Eri and Muga silk are traditionally produced. This industry combines agriculture, animal rearing, handicrafts, textile production, and trade, thereby providing sustainable livelihood opportunities to rural populations.
Silkworm rearing technology refers to the scientific methods and techniques used for the successful cultivation and management of silkworms for silk production. In non-mulberry sericulture, proper rearing technology is extremely important because the health, growth, cocoon quality, and silk yield of silkworms depend largely on the rearing environment and management practices. Eri and Muga silkworms are highly sensitive to environmental conditions, food quality, hygiene, and diseases. Therefore, scientific rearing methods are essential for obtaining healthy larvae and high-quality silk.
Silkworm rearing involves several activities such as preparation of rearing house, maintenance of environmental conditions, feeding management, cleaning and disinfection, handling of larvae, cocoon formation, and harvesting. Proper rearing technology reduces mortality, prevents diseases, and increases silk productivity.
The rearing house is the place where silkworms are kept and reared throughout their larval stages. A good rearing house provides suitable environmental conditions such as proper temperature, humidity, ventilation, and protection from predators and diseases. The success of sericulture depends greatly on the condition and management of the rearing house.
Sericulture is the scientific method of rearing silkworms for the commercial production of silk. The word sericulture is derived from the Greek word “Sericos” meaning silk and the Latin word “Culture” meaning rearing or cultivation. It is an agro-based cottage industry that combines agriculture and industry because it involves cultivation of host plants as well as processing of silk fibers. Sericulture provides employment opportunities to rural people, especially women and economically weaker sections of society. It is considered an environmentally friendly industry because it produces biodegradable natural fiber.
Silk is one of the oldest and most valuable natural fibers known to humans. It is soft, shiny, strong, elastic, and has excellent dyeing properties. The silk produced by silkworms is mainly composed of a protein called fibroin, which is covered by another protein called sericin.
Coulomb's Law is a fundamental principle of physics that describes the force of attraction or repulsion between two stationary, electrically charged particles. Just as gravity governs how masses interact, Coulomb's Law governs how charges interact.
The law states that the electrical force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of the magnitudes of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
To calculate the electrostatic force ($F$), we use the following equation:
The story is set in the Vijayanagara Empire during the reign of King Krishnadeva Raya. Known as the "Golden Era," this was a time of great art and literature.
The plot centers on a misunderstanding:
The Conflict: The King wrote a poem and recited it to Queen Thirumalambal. Being exhausted, the Queen yawned. The King took this as a personal insult to his poetry and stopped speaking to her.
The Solution: Desperate, the Queen asked Tenali Rama (the King's witty advisor) for help.
The Wit: Tenali Rama didn't argue with the King. Instead, he brought "magic" paddy seeds to court and claimed they would only grow if sown by someone who never yawns.
The Realization: When the King realized everyone (including himself) yawns naturally, he understood that the Queen’s yawn wasn't disrespectful. The royal couple reconciled, and Tenali Rama was rewarded.
Botany Paper II: Embryology of Angiosperms and Gymnosperm Morphology
1. Explain the structure and Development of Embryo Sac
In the context of the Rabindranath Tagore University (RTU), Hojai, botanical questions regarding embryology often require a detailed, step-by-step explanation of Megasporogenesis and Megagametogenesis.
JEE Main Previous Year Questions (2016-2025) on the topic of Units and Measurements:
Match List I with List II:
| List I | List II |
| A. Planck's constant ($h$) | I. $[M^1 L^2 T^{-2}]$ |
| B. Stopping potential ($V_s$) | II. $[M^1 L^1 T^{-1}]$ |
| C. Work function ($\phi$) | III. $[M^1 L^2 T^{-1}]$ |
| D. Momentum ($p$) | IV. $[M^1 L^2 T^{-3} A^{-1}]$ |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(1) A-I, B-III, C-IV, D-II
(2) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
(3) A-II, B-IV, C-III, D-I
(4) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
Based on the NCERT chapter on Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations, here is a simplified study guide designed to help you visualize and master the basics of Section 4.2.
In the real number system, we cannot solve equations like $x^2 + 1 = 0$ because $x^2 = -1$, and no real number squared results in a negative value. To solve this, mathematicians introduced the symbol $i$ (iota).
The Definition: $i = \sqrt{-1}$
The Property: $i^2 = -1$
A complex number ($z$) is a combination of a Real part and an Imaginary part. It is written in the form:
| Component | Name | Symbol |
| $a$ | Real Part | $Re(z)$ |
| $b$ | Imaginary Part | $Im(z)$ |
Example: In $z = 2 + i5$
The Real part is 2.
The Imaginary part is 5.
Physics Worksheet - 11
Board: CBSE/ICSE/AHSEC
Topic(s): Electric Potential and Potential Energy
Total Marks: 20
Time: 30 minutes
Name: ____________________ Class: _______ Date: ___________
INSTRUCTIONS
• Answer all questions.
• Write neatly and legibly.
• For numerical problems, show your working and include units in your final answer.
• Use k = 8.99 × 10⁹ N m² C⁻² where required.
• Charge of an electron = -1.60 × 10⁻¹⁹ C.
• Charge of a proton = +1.60 × 10⁻¹⁹ C.
SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
The definition of electric potential difference between two points is: (1 mark)
a) The force experienced per unit positive charge.
b) The work done in moving a unit positive charge between the points.
c) The product of the electric field and the distance between the points.
d) The total kinetic energy gained by a charge moving between the points.
