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The "Natural Rights"

"Men are born and remain free and equal in rights."
  • 🛡️ The Core: Rights given by birth, not by a King.
  • ⚖️ Examples: Liberty, Property, Security, and Resistance to Oppression.
  • 🌍 Legacy: Born in the French Revolution (1789); now the backbone of India's Constitution.
Quick Prep: These are Inalienable—they cannot be taken away.
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Introduction to Biomolecules | RTU Hojai | (Bsc Zoology Minor) Chemistry MD-CHM-2.1

Zoology Second Sem Notes Hub | RTU Hojai

Molecules of Life | Biochemistry
Course Code: MD-CHM-2.1

Rabindranath Tagore University (RTU), Hojai, Assam

MODULE 1: Fundamentals of Biomolecules

Submodules:

1.1 Introduction to Biomolecules
1.2 Molecules of Life and their Biological Importance
1.3 Chemical Composition of Living Organisms
1.4 Classification of Biomolecules
1.5 Organic Molecules in Biological Systems
1.6 Structure–Function Relationship in Biomolecules

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MODULE 2: Proteins and Amino Acids

Submodules:

2.1 Definition and General Characteristics of Proteins
2.2 Biological Importance of Proteins
2.3 Sources of Proteins
2.4 Amino Acids: Structure and Classification
2.5 Essential and Non-Essential Amino Acids
2.6 Properties of Amino Acids
2.7 Zwitter Ion and Isoelectric Point
2.8 Peptide Bond Formation
2.9 Peptides and Polypeptides

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MODULE 3: Structural Organization of Proteins

Submodules:

3.1 Primary Structure of Proteins
3.2 Secondary Structure of Proteins
3.3 α-Helix and β-Pleated Sheet
3.4 Tertiary Structure of Proteins
3.5 Quaternary Structure of Proteins
3.6 Forces Stabilizing Protein Structure
3.7 Fibrous and Globular Proteins
3.8 Structure–Function Relationship of Proteins

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MODULE 4: Denaturation and Coagulation of Proteins

Submodules:

4.1 Denaturation of Proteins
4.2 Causes of Denaturation
4.3 Physical and Chemical Factors Affecting Denaturation
4.4 Coagulation of Proteins
4.5 Biological and Industrial Significance
4.6 Difference between Denaturation and Coagulation

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MODULE 5: Vitamins – Introduction and Classification

Submodules:

5.1 Definition and Importance of Vitamins
5.2 Classification of Vitamins
5.3 Fat Soluble Vitamins vs Water Soluble Vitamins
5.4 Sources of Vitamins
5.5 Functions of Vitamins in the Body
5.6 Vitamin Deficiency Diseases

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MODULE 6: Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Submodules:

6.1 Vitamin A – Structure, Sources, Functions, Deficiency Diseases
6.2 Vitamin D – Structure, Sources, Functions, Deficiency Diseases
6.3 Vitamin E – Structure, Sources, Functions, Deficiency Diseases
6.4 Vitamin K – Structure, Sources, Functions, Deficiency Diseases
6.5 Comparative Study of Fat-Soluble Vitamins

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MODULE 7: Water-Soluble Vitamins

Submodules:

7.1 Vitamin B Complex – Introduction
7.2 Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
7.3 Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
7.4 Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
7.5 Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
7.6 Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)
7.7 Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
7.8 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
7.9 Functions and Deficiency Disorders

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MODULE 8: Nucleic Acids – Basics

Submodules:

8.1 Introduction to Nucleic Acids
8.2 Discovery and Historical Background
8.3 Chemical Composition of Nucleic Acids
8.4 Components of Nucleotides
8.5 Nitrogenous Bases
8.6 Pentose Sugars
8.7 Phosphate Group
8.8 Nucleosides and Nucleotides

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MODULE 9: Structure and Functions of DNA and RNA

Submodules:

9.1 DNA – Structure and Types
9.2 Watson and Crick Model of DNA
9.3 RNA – Structure and Types
9.4 Differences between DNA and RNA
9.5 Biological Functions of DNA
9.6 Biological Functions of RNA
9.7 Replication and Genetic Importance

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MODULE 10: DNA Fingerprinting and Applications

Submodules:

10.1 Concept of DNA Fingerprinting
10.2 Principles of DNA Fingerprinting
10.3 Techniques Used in DNA Fingerprinting
10.4 Applications in Forensic Science
10.5 Applications in Paternity Testing
10.6 Medical and Research Applications
10.7 Ethical Issues and Limitations

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MODULE 11: Oils and Fats – Fundamentals

Submodules:

11.1 Introduction to Oils and Fats
11.2 Chemical Composition of Oils and Fats
11.3 Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids
11.4 Physical and Chemical Properties
11.5 Edible Oils and their Importance
11.6 Nutritional Value of Fats and Oils

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MODULE 12: Rancidity and Purity of Oils and Fats

Submodules:

12.1 Definition of Rancidity
12.2 Types of Rancidity
12.3 Causes of Rancidity
12.4 Prevention of Rancidity
12.5 Detection of Purity of Oils
12.6 Adulteration in Oils and Fats
12.7 Harmful Effects of Adulterants

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MODULE 13: Adulterants in Oils

Submodules:

13.1 Argemone Oil Adulteration
13.2 Mineral Oil Adulteration
13.3 Detection Tests for Adulterants
13.4 Health Hazards due to Adulteration
13.5 Government Regulations and Food Safety

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MODULE 14: Soaps and Detergents

Submodules:

14.1 Introduction to Soaps and Detergents
14.2 Definition and Classification
14.3 Manufacturing of Soap
14.4 Saponification Reaction
14.5 Types of Detergents
14.6 Composition of Detergents
14.7 Cleansing Action of Soaps and Detergents
14.8 Uses and Applications
14.9 Environmental Impact of Detergents

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MODULE 15: Applied Biomolecules and Biological Significance

Submodules:

15.1 Biomolecules in Human Health
15.2 Biomolecules in Nutrition
15.3 Biomolecules in Medicine
15.4 Industrial Applications of Biomolecules
15.5 Biomolecules in Biotechnology
15.6 Future Prospects of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry

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Recommended Order for Study Material Creation

  1. Module 1 → Fundamentals of Biomolecules

  2. Module 2 → Proteins and Amino Acids

  3. Module 3 → Structural Organization of Proteins

  4. Module 4 → Denaturation and Coagulation

  5. Module 5 → Vitamins Introduction
    …and so on sequentially.